Hyperpigmentation (A.K.A. dark spots, freckles and age spots) is an overproduction of melanin caused by sun damage, aging, inflammation (like from breakouts), hormones, certain medications and even genetics. The most effective ingredients to treat dark spots include vitamin C, kojic acid, tranexamic acid, azelaic acid, retinoids, niacinamide, licorice extract and alpha arbutin.